The Social Issue Of African American Population And How...

Choice of Social Issue The social issue that I will be addressing is the African American population and how they endured being enslaved also detailing the discrimination and segregation parameters that also came along with this atrocity of enslavement. Although this social issue wasn’t one that was addressed in the course, I believe it is an essential matter that has helped shaped America and the individuals who reside here both past and present. This act has shaped the economy, the policies, and the government in regards to how they choose to address situations and fix them as well. The individuals of the community, activist and advocates began to express their thoughts and feelings on the matter, in which others strongly agreed eventually a social movement derived from these efforts and it was named the Abolitionist movement. The Abolitionist movement began in the 1830s and lasted until 1870, in which the focus of this movement was to immediately emancipate slaves, also placing emphasis on the e nding of racial segregation and discrimination that was prevalent among society. This social movement targeted society as a whole and the type of change it wanted to initiate was radical, in which it would be classified as a revolutionary movement. Abolitionism was not an issue that could be surpassed decade after decade due to how many individuals it affected, whom also wanted the dynamics to change within the economy as well as the different communities throughout America withShow MoreRelated Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago1464 Words   |  6 Pagesand social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surprise that these allegations arose so soon a fter the abolishing of slavery at the culmination of the Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacksRead MoreCultural And Historical Significance Of The Film 12 Years A Slave2679 Words   |  11 PagesThe Cultural and Historical Significance of the Film 12 Years A Slave The cultural and historical significance of the film has changed and reshaped the views and cultures of African Americans with the roles that they have as a race in society as a result of the racial formation and performance portrayed in the film. The movie presents a verifiable and precise account of the collective experience of slaves in the United States of America in the late 18th century. The basic facts of the movie fromRead MoreEssay about Blindness in Invisible Man 1506 Words   |  7 Pagesroles, lack of economic and social powers, and dealing with bondages. Firstly, the main character, the invisible man has to compete against what others in his society want him to be, versus what he truly wants to become. At the beginning of the book, he recalls the fact that his grandfather, on his deathbed, had impressed upon him that rather than standing up for the African Americans community, as he himself did, his grandson should follow the leadership of white Americans in order to remain safe.Read MoreRacial Hierarchy1816 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Ethnicity Final Exam Question Racial Hierarchy In reading and examining the arguments made by Blauner, Ture and Hamilton and Steinberg, I have come to realize or maybe just acknowledge more so, the many aspects of race, racism and its role within our nation. Not to say that I was oblivious to it (race) before this class, but I had not taken the opportunity before to examine it as closely as we have this semester. Primarily, I had associated race only to the color of one s skinRead MoreThe Issue of Overcoming Racial Inequality in the United States2632 Words   |  11 PagesThe label of inferiority poses immense challenges on the structure of a society. Branding a group of people as â€Å"savages† creates divisions in society that drastically affects how individuals are supposed to interact with these â€Å"inferiors.† It makes you think of someone who is uneducated or unsocialized, one who is not granted full rights and privileges. Other words that might have the same the sort of connotation for many in the Unite d States today are â€Å"alien,† â€Å"immigrant worker,† or â€Å"illegal immigrantRead MoreTo what extent was the American Civil War a conflict about the rights and wrongs of slavery1807 Words   |  8 Pagesextent was the American Civil War a conflict about the rights and wrongs of slavery The American Civil War was an intense, violent war fought within one of the most powerful countries in the world. The reasons for the outbreak of this war are varied. From the formation of America to 1860, the people in this country were divided. This division was a result of location and personal sentiments. Peace could not continue in a country filled with quarrels that affected the common American. There is a commonRead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pagesof God was totally different from the masters who enslaved them. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, the reflection of God for blacks came in the struggle for freedom by blacks. Although the term black liberation theology is a fairly new, becoming popular in the early 1960’s with Black Theology and Black Power, a book written by James H. Cone, its ideas are pretty old, which can be clearly seen in spirituals sang by Africans during the time of slavery nearly 400 years ago.#R ead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesof God was totally different from the masters who enslaved them. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, the reflection of God for blacks came in the struggle for freedom by blacks. Although the term black liberation theology is a fairly new, becoming popular in the early 1960’s with Black Theology and Black Power, a book written by James H. Cone, its ideas are pretty old, which can be clearly seen in spirituals sang by Africans during the time of slavery nearly 400 years ago.#Read MoreEssay on Discrimination Against the Gypsies4352 Words   |  18 Pagespeople are composed of a multitude of cultures that have over time integrated into one big culture. Ian Hancock, a professor of Romani studies at the University of Texas in Austin, has done research on the Roma people and has deduced from evidence how the Roma culture took on many other cultures. Hancock believes that the Roma people, bec ause they considered their lives of higher value than other cultures’ lives, they composed their army of many smaller neighboring cultures. As the Roma army beganRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Mobile Commerce Literature Review - 2392 Words

Mobile Commerce: Literature Review Dr. Sudha Singh ( Associate Professor, PG Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BCET, Durgapur.) The m-commerce (MC) is an evolving, dynamic, unique and rapidly changing business opportunity with its own characteristics and concept (Lindsay, 2000). Many industry experts believe that m-commerce is a sleeping giant whose time has yet to come (Buhan, 2002). E-commerce benefited many organizations by reducing supplier cost and increasing profit. E-commerce is used to describe transactions that take place on-line where the buyer and seller are remote from each other (Andrews, 2001). M-commerce definition is similar to e-commerce, but the term is usually applied to the emerging transaction activity†¦show more content†¦The second phase is content, in which consumer buys software games, graphics, and news using the mobile devices. This is the phase that we are entering. The third phase according to Zawel is commerce phase, in which consumers are using mobile devices to purchase real goods in the physical world. Once we enter this phase consumers will begin to accept MC fully. This is a challenging opportunity for mobile industry to convince consumers to leave their credit cards at home and let their mobile phones do the purchasing (Donegan, 2000). To make the wireless wallet a reality mobile industry requires an active investment of large and small stakeholders companies in wireless world. This includes content providers, mobile carriers and billing vendors or m-payment systems (Sadeh, 2002). Mobile payment (m-payment) refers to payment method using m-commerce devices (May, 2001). Purchasing products and services using mobile phone in Europe and far-east market is more demanded than the rest of the world (Bradley, 2003). Japan is the leading country in m-commerce and since 1999 some component of Japans economy is dealt with it. M-commerce in Korea is not popular as Japan; however, Merrill Lynch survey in Korea found that, in the first six months of 2003, only 21.2% of a half million subscribers had made any purchase using their handsets. Interestingly, theShow MoreRelatedAugmented Reality And Its Reality1184 Words   |  5 Pagesthis application is to let the users identify the objects using mobile phone. Human cognition is quite intelligent in identifying objects that they see daily. But, the same has to be achieved by the mobile phone. Being a tedious task, the mobile phone has to be trained in such a way that it can identify the basic objects using certain properties like the barcode, logos, labels or the brand images. The purpose of training the mobile phone can be achieved by the intelligent use of the artificial intelligenceRead MoreMobile Phone Is An Essential Part Of Daily Life For Billions Of People Around The World1272 Words   |  6 PagesMobile phone is an essential part of daily life for billions of people around the world (Srivastava, 2008, Walsh et al, 2008). According to the International Telecommunications Union and the World Bank organization, there were approximately six billion mobile cellular subscriptions globally by the end of 2011. That is equivalent to 86% of the global population (The World Bank, International Telecommunications Union, 2012). The wireless internet access on mobile devices is one of fastest-growingRead MoreComputer Security Systems Report : A Literature Review For Electronic Commerce Security850 Words   |  4 PagesCSci530 Computer Security Systems report: A literature review for Electronic Commerce Security Zhiheng Chu 4398125439 zchu@usc.edu I have read the Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism published by the student affairs office. I understand what is expected of me with respect to properly citing sources, and how to avoid representing the work of others as my own. I wrote the material in this paper, except for such material that is quoted or indented and properly cited to indicate the sources of the materialRead MoreA Study On Email And Digital Marketing Strategy Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmity college of commerce and finance Non teaching credit course Topic: COMPARITIVE STUDY ON EMAIL AND DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGY Submitted by : ROBINA KARMAKAR Submitted to : ILA CHATURVEDI DECLARATION I, ROBINA KARMAKAR student of b.com (hons) from Amity college of commerce and finance, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh hereby declare the i have completed internship project on COMPARITIVE STUDY ON EMAIL AND DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGY as the part of the course requirementRead MoreThe Impact Of Mobile Commerce On The Youth Market2677 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature Review: Introduction: In this section, different literatures relevant to the topic of research have been critically analyzed. The literature review stands for the secondary research. Literature like academic journals, books, newspaper articles, web content, etc., have been assessed in order to evaluate the scenario of mobile commerce and understand the influence of mobile commerce on the purchasing behavior of youths. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate existing data and researchesRead MoreE Commerce And Its Impact On Waste Management765 Words   |  4 Pagesready to embrace e-commerce as it could lead to serious security, legal and financial problems. Back in early 2000s those hurdles of e-commerce limited the confidence of companies in terms of Internet-based business integration (Prasad et al., 2000). The research by Quayle (2002) revealed that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the UK would generally focus on waste management rather than adopting e-commerce. Moreover, some critics ev en predicted an imminent collapse of e-commerce (Wallace, 2000)Read MoreThe Flow Experience Within The Mobile Banking Services2127 Words   |  9 Pages2015). Although extensively covered within marketing research, only a limited number of studies have investigated the flow experience within the mobile banking (m-banking) setting. The current study investigates the concept associated with online consumer experience (flow) alongside the role it plays in affecting consumers’ repeated intentions towards mobile banking services. Flow is a fun-filled experience, which individuals feel while participating fully in activities (Hung et al., 2012), and actsRead MoreGlobal C Suite Programme On Corporate Executives Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesor information should corporate executives have or hold about their customers to better understand them. LITERATURE REVIEW AND IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT The areas of available literature relevant to the research are as follows: †¢ Literature on understanding customer behaviour, reasons, and perceptions of value and factors affecting loyalty. †¢ Existing literature on E-commerce and business ecosystems. Understanding customers in New Zealand Considering that the â€Å"everyone-to-everyone†Read MoreLuxury Brand Experience In An Omni-Channel Setting With Strategic Online Visual Merchandising Analysis867 Words   |  4 Pagesmulti-channel retailers are struggling with profitability. Without technology today, e-commerce or even multi-channel retailing would simply not exist. As Steve Jobs mentioned, you have got to start with the customer experience and work backwards to the technology. You cannot start with the technology and try to figure out where you are going to sell it (Carson, 2017). E-commerce sites as well as mobile applications are becoming increasingly popular and admired by consumers as convenience andRead MoreEssay on Digital Customer Engagement and Social Media2751 Words   |  12 Pagestheir needs (Sashi, 2012). Customer get engaged with e-commerce and m-commerce application with the use of internet which can be accessed through desktop, laptop, tablets, smart phones and PDA. Generally, e-commerce is deï ¬ ned as a monetary transaction conducted using the internet and a desktop or a laptop computer and M-commerce can be deï ¬ ned as a transaction that takes place through wireless internet-enabled technology (through laptops, mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and that allows

Hunger of Memory ( Richard Rodriguez ) free essay sample

Examines autobiographys pessimistic depiction of differences conflicts among individuals, families groups based on race, socioeconomics, language and religion. Richard Rodriguez, in his autobiography Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez, writes about differences between and among individuals and families and other groups in the United States today. These differences are many and are based on race, gender, age, socioeconomics, generational conflicts, and politics. The author is not hopeful about overcoming these differences. He is a man who feels alienated from the world around him, although he is successful in it as a writer. He is a man who often seems to be angry and bitter over his upbringing and his education, and even his success: I am . . . taken by the symbols of leisure and wealth. . . . For me those . . . symbols are reassuring reminders of public success. I tempt vulgarity to be reassured. I am filled with the gaudy delight, the. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger of Memory ( Richard Rodriguez ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

The Most Famous Tv Shows in America free essay sample

Through the years there have been many television shows but not all of them are favorites and the most watched. There are a lot of types of TV shows but some of the most watched are, Romance, Comedy, and Drama/Suspense TV shows. There are series, seasons, themes, and much more; these are the things that directors combine to make any type of TV show. There can be a lot of shows but the one that are the Most watched TV shows in America are the ones that have these combinations; in making the best TV shows in what ever topic it maybe. The Most Famous TV shows in America are the ones that will make you sit in the corner of your sofa waiting for what will happen next. Romance is a theme that almost everybody loves to watch. It is mostly the female viewer the ones that watch them most than the male viewers . We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Famous Tv Shows in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In every house in America a member of the family has at least one favorite TV show about romance it is something that every one love to watch. Some of the most famous romance TV series are; Once Upon a Time, Drop Dead Diva, How I Meet Your Mother, The Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl and much more. There are so many shows out there that are amazing and all of them have themes that are alike, I never want to lose you, happily ever after, young love, and much more. There also has to be a little bit of comedy. Comedy is one of my favorites; the ones that families mostly like to watch together are the most famous comedy TV Shows in America. These are Americas Most Funniest Videos, George Lopez, That’s 70’s Show, The Simpsons, and much more. These are the ones that make you laugh when you’re sad or you did not have a good day at work and that you know that when you get home you will go and watch your favorite comedy show. We love them till the end just like the Drama/Suspense TV shows. Drama/ Suspense these TV shows are amazing they are most intriguing with all these interesting things that are going to happen in the suspense or when there’s something very important that is about to happen ,it goes on a commercial or the show ends. You get all worked up because you couldn’t see what was going to happen next. The most famous TV Shows about Drama /Suspense are Lost, Pretty Little Liars, Law Order, White Collar, Suits, The Lying Game and much more. These shows are incredibly awesome and we somehow related to them; because sometime the situations that occur in our lives happening to you are also happening in the series. All these TV shows are categorized by themes, content and appropriate age classification. These are watched by us which means that we are the ones that make the show the most watched. Every year when a new TV show airs live the theme in some cases there is a theme the intrigues us. The producers and the directors create for us to see the most watched TV Show in America. We decide on what we want to watch. That does not mean we choose the same shows all the time. The entertainment world has to bring something new and fresh so that we do not get bored. That means that we don’t have a specific list of the most famous TV Shows in America forever. We may have it by year or seasons but in time this will change. Your favorite TV show is not the same one as your neighbors or your Best Friend some of these shows will stay the most watched for a very long time, shows change year by year because we change we mature year by year and what was funny last year may not be funny now. That’s why the Most Famous Shows in America change.

A Rose, The Universal Symbol Of Love Essays - A Rose For Emily

A Rose, the Universal Symbol of Love In William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily, Miss Emily Grierson is a lonely old woman, living a life void of all love and affection; although the rose only directly appears in the title, the rose surfaces throughout the story as a symbol. In contemporary times, the rose also symbolizes emotions like love and friendship. The rose symbolizes dreams of romances and lovers. These dreams belong to women, who like Emily Grierson, have yet to experience true love for themselves. Throughout the life of Emily Grierson, she remains locked up, never experiencing love from anyone but her father. She lives a life of loneliness, left only to dream of the love missing from her life. The rose from the title symbolizes this absent love. It symbolizes the roses and flowers that Emily never received, the lovers that overlooked her. The domineering attitude of Emily's father keeps her to himself, inside the house, and alone until his death. In his own way, Emily's father shows her how to love. Through a forced obligation to love only him, as he drives off young male callers, he teaches his daughter lessons of love. It is this dysfunctional love that resurfaces later, because it is the only way Emily knows how to love. When Homer Baron, a construction worker, comes into Emily's life he sheds hope into her life. He offers Emily a chance to feel love and to receive the affection she has previously only dreamed of. Together they take Sunday carriage rides, and for awhile, the town's people seem to think that Emily will finally wed. It appears to them that Emily has finally found her rose. Emily then sets out to fulfill the ultimate form of the rose dream, that of marriage. She purchases a man's toilet set in silver, with the letters H.B. on each piece and a complete outfit of men's clothing, including a nightshirt. However, Homer disappears when his work is through, leaving Emily once again without a rose. Within a couple of Adams 2 weeks Homer, is seen entering Emily's house late at night. Emily realizes that Homer has no plans to stay, so she demonstrates her love the only way she knows how, by killing him. In her own way, she forces Homer to love her and to stay with her. In doing so, Emily's rose wilts forever. Following Emily's death, the townspeople enter her bedroom to find a shocking sight. The room appears decked and furnished as for a bridal. A rose color drapes over the room, upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights. The wilted image of the rose permeates the room, symbolizing the tarnished love between Emily and Homer. Unfortunately, the love that Emily knew proves impermanent. The rose, and the love it symbolizes, die along with Homer. This love disappears forever as Homer enters the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love. Today, a rose can symbolize many emotions, from passionate love and true friendship to sympathy and regret. As in A Rose for Emily, not all roses are the same. Only roses of true love last forever. The wilted roses of forced and obligated love, like Emily's, cannot stand the tests of time, and eventually die. In life today, roses of all types exists, and are not always what they first appear to be. Like Emily, contemporary women also dream of receiving flowers, usually roses. In doing so, they dream of the romances and loves from their past, as well as those yet to come. The meaning of the rose crosses generations, appearing in stories written yesterday, as well as fairy tales from centuries ago. The rose bridges language barriers and spans continents. The rose is the true universal symbol of love.

Red Tsar Essays

Red Tsar Essays Red Tsar Paper Red Tsar Paper When Stalin rose to power in 1929 he claimed to the Russian public that he was a devote follower of Leninism; his slogan Lenin is always with us1 meant that Stalin wanted to show how similar he was to Lenin. However Stalin asserted his power at the head of government much like the Tsars by employing tactics of fear and propaganda. Stalins personal dictatorship meant he had strong elements of being Red Tsar as he established unquestionable rule, this idea of being a Red Tsar came from the belief that Stalin wasnt committed to communism, as his traditional ideas were reminiscent of Tsarist autocratic rule, so effectively he was a fusion between the two ruling styles. As Stalin wished to portray himself as a God-like figure; this made him an isolated leader who tolerated no criticism, similar to the style of ruling under the Tsars, as both leaders dismissed ministers at their own will and chose to act on their own personal feelings, for example like the Russification policy of employed by all the Tsars, but in particular Alexander II and the nationalistic policies of Stalin. Stalins government was top-down2, and unlike Lenin and Khrushchev, Stalin was very wary of how much his fellow party members knew. Therefore he employed a clear hierarchy, where information was withheld from lower members. The Tsars relied on loyalty of elites to strengthen government, in particular the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church, who helped to keep firm control over the Russian people. Although it is true that both Lenin and Stalin surrounded themselves with loyal i lites called nomenklatura, these elites became more important under Stalin, as the influence of the wider CCP was reduced he descended into his personal dictatorship. The growth under Stalin of the Party Secretariat, which was created under Lenin, meant there was a growth in bureaucracy, something which communist ideology disapproved of. As the General Secretary of the CCP Stalin had influence over all areas of the party, whilst the Politburo became the most influential body, as it controlled the actions of all government departments. Therefore the party became more centralised, as the influence of the grass-roots became less significant. Hence historians such as Richard Pipes claim that Leninism caused Stalinism, as Lenins party resembled a more secret order than a party in the normally accepted sense3, this led to an elitist structure, meaning that Stalins dictatorship was unavoidable. Although some disagree with this view as they understand we could never have predicted the extent to which Stalin employed a personal dictatorship. The democracy strived for during the revolution4 and declined into a dictatorship laced with censorship and nationalism reminiscent of Tsarist autocracy, as only views complementary of the regime were allowed and media from outside Russia were prohibited for fear of radicalisation. Therefore concerning the type and running of government Stalin appears more similar to his Tsarist predecessors than any of his Communist comrades, as he relied on elites, bureaucracy, elitism and a tightly controlled government, therefore this makes him a Red Tsar. Both Lenin and Stalin believed in a strong internal state, in which the party had complete control in the running of government. However Lenin did not believe in a creation of a cult of personality as Stalin did, as Stalin established himself as the fount of all wisdom5, this glorification as the Fa ther of Russia6 never appeared in such extreme force under Lenin nor Khrushchev. Therefore historian Moshe Lewin argues that Stalins system of government was a hybrid of Marxism and Tsarism7, as a creation of a cult of personality contains few Marxist-Leninist roots, but harkens back to the Russian tradition of leader worship. However Stalin and Khrushchev can be seen as similar as both leaders employed cunning8 and spin-doctoring. But there are clear differences, as Khrushchev lacked the temperamental nature of Stalin and the Tsars. He claimed Stalin was a litsedi meaning a man of many faces9, therefore there is a parallel between Stalin and the Tsars, as both made rash decisions out of spite, in particular the weak Tsar Nicholas II, who left his wife Alexandrina in charge of Russia in 1915 when he took direct charge of the army. Moreover Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his methods of Terror in his de-Stalinisation speech when he rose to power in 1956. Similarities between the Tsars and Stalin can also be drawn between the bad temper and brutal natures of both rulers. This is illustrated by when servants discovered Stalins wifes death they were reluctant to tell him, these Little People had a reasonable aversion to breaking bad news to the Tsars and Stalin, and they fell faint with fear10. Therefore both rulers commanded and frightened the Russian people with their tempers, making Stalin a Red Tsar. The fear that Stalin implemented was reinforced by his use of use of ideology, which was reminiscent of the religious attitudes under the Tsars, as his use of glorification kept a tight reign on the Russian people. This use of ideology led to his unquestionable rule like that experience under the Tsars, but Stalin emphasized separation of the state from the Church, unlike The Tsarist autocratic rule was strengthened by the support from the Russian Orthodox Church. The Tsars and the Church supported each other for mutual interest, and the teachings of the Church favoured autocracy11, since the majority of the population was religious, opposition to the government was seen as a direct challenge to God and the Divine Right of the Tsar, this made any opposition unpopular. Although this makes Stalin different from the Tsars, it does not make him like the other communist leaders, as Stalin embraced a marginal increase in religious tolerance, and did not campaign against religion nor advocate atheism like Lenin or Khrushchev. Stalins repressive methods align him with the Tsars, particularly Alexander III, whose rule was known as The Reaction, he favoured modernisation and the belief that education was dangerous12. Like Stalin, Alexander III believed that education should be strict and formal, whereas Marxist-Leninism which showed less regard for formal education. Even though Lenin and Stalin were very similar in some of their beliefs such as the belief in a monopolistic party, a strong state, the need for dramatic transformations within society13 to make Russia a socialist state. However unlike Lenin, Stalin did not believe that the communist movement should spread into the West outside the USSR. Despite this Stalin did export communism during the Cold War, encouraging the spread of communism to the East in countries like China and Korea. This also continued into Khrushchevs rule, when he showed support for the development of communism in Cuba. But at first Stalins policy of Socialism in one country set him aside from the majority of communists and showed a complete betrayal of Marxist beliefs. As Marxism was a international movement empowering all the workers of the world, and a movement which denounced nationalism. But Stalins nationalism in form, socialist in content14, harkened back to the Great Russian Empire under rulers such as Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible15, this nationalism forced the Russian population into patriotism, like that experienced under the Tsars, which was never experienced to the same extent under Lenin or Khrushchev. This is an explanation for Stains belief that non-Russians should be moulded into Russians. Whereas Marxist-Leninism stated that non-Russians should remain in Russia un-disturbed, Lenin enforced this through his Decree of Nationalities in 1917. Therefore Stalins nationalism aligns him with the Tsars policy of Russification16, which forced all those nationalities living in Russia to speak Russian. Despite Stalins nationalist beliefs, Stalinism was still derived from Leninism, and they had some similarities such as distrust of bureaucracy, the belief the achievement of a utopian Russia and both having had a hatred of adulation at close quarters 17 . Although Lenin and Stalin had some similar values, as their core beliefs were derived from the teachings of Marx. However Lenin never attempted to build a cult of personality and disliked the term Leninism, as he thought of himself as a Marxist unlike Stalin, who wanted to develop the personalities of the population under his own glorification. Therefore McCauley argues that Stalin manipulated Marxism and Leninism for his own means18 as McCauley believes Stalin was not a true communist as he did not properly embrace the ideology. Moreover his focus on traditional beliefs such as family values, the importance of marriage, and the implementation of policies such as making divorce difficult and outlawing abortion. These beliefs made Stalin more traditional in his values than Khrushchev and Lenin who both believed conventions such as marriage were outdated in society. While the style and ceremonies of High Stalinism in 1930s seemed less Leninist and more a reversion to the past, as Stalins semi-religious imagery, crude nationalism and parables with the great state of building Tsars like Ivan the terrible19 make him seemingly Tsariest. Therefore although Stalin may have shared some ideologies in common with the communists, many of his key values made him very different, as although Marxism initiated most of their beliefs Stalin had many traditional beliefs that neither Lenin nor Khrushchev held. Stalins outright brutality, not only surpassed the Tsars but also his communist comrades, as E. H Carr claims Stalin revived and outdid the brutalities of earlier Tsars20, showing a difference between Stalins methods of repression and the methods used by the Tsars. Consequently some historians claim that Stalins brutalities must have stemmed from a source, as Simon Hartfree claims that High Stalinism appears as the logical and inevitable outcome of Leninism21 as he argues that Lenins actions such as the use of Terror and purges, paved the way for the brutalities of Stalinism. This is reinforced by R Medevev, who argues that although there was little continuity between Lenin and Stalin, as Stalin abolished the NEP, forced collectivisation, employed mass-terror and administrative rather than economic methods for industrialisation, Stalin saw himself as a disciple of Lenin22. Stalin implemented much of Lenins domestic and foreign policy, as he rid the party of factions, removed the intelligentsia, collectivised agriculture and created a Red Army. All these were all Leninist policies; however the implementation of these polices may have not been to Lenins taste. This shows that Stalinism was built on the foundations of the Leninist state, although it may have taken a shape Lenin would not have approved of. However historians such as Robert Service argue that the passage from Leninism to the worse horrors of Stalinism was neither smooth nor inevitable23. Although Service claims that Lenin was more ruthless than originally percieved, particularly as he crushed his enemies, waged class warfare and had unpleasant attitudes towards peasants and the Church. However Service also claims that Lenin ultimately wanted to abolish the secret police, the army and eventually the whole state. Therefore Lenins oppressive methods are dwarfed by the High Stalinism of the 1930s, when Stalin implemented methods of totalitarianism. Stalin used a regime of Terror to stay in power much like the Tsars, but his creation of a highly centralised state means that historians such as Schapiro hold Stalin personally responsible for high levels of human suffering24 during his rule. Furthermore Robert Conquest claims that the Great terror emanated from the top, he claims that Stalin planned the purges, directed the NKVD and organised the apparatus of terror, to control his own party as much as the country. 25 Whereas J. Arch Getty claims the Cold War distorted the western view of the Soviet Union and we must distance Stalin from sole responsibility26 for the horrors of the Great Terror. Getty claims that Stalin had no plans the Terror experienced in the Soviet Union at this time, and despite his position of power his personality faults do not help to explain what happened, in fact Stalin may have not even known what was going on. Getty also claims that officers in the NKVD acted on their own will, due to chaos of the Soviet Union and fear of Stalins temper. Getty claims that the randomness of attacks and irrational fear within the population, shows that there was a lack of tight central control. Gettys view is extreme, because although the scale of the terror, thoroughness of targeting and executions can be partly put down to a tumult within the Soviet Union at this time, Stalin must still be regarded as a deeply suspicious character, who saw enemies everywhere, therefore he must be more than partially responsible. Consequently the most convincing view is that Stalin was not solely responsible for the Terror experienced, but that his position within the country meant he knew the majority of what was happening and exercised significant power over the NKVD. The atrocities experienced did not happen without a great deal of central orchestration because the sheer scale, cannot simply be put down to civil unrest. The repressive methods of Stalins regime such as show trials, secret police and labour camps can seem out of character in context of this 100 year period, but these methods were used during the rule of the Tsars and were used under both Lenin and Khrushchev. However George Leggett claims27 these methods were never used to the same extent by other rulers, although Lenin, and Khrushchev seem similar concerning their repression of opposition. However Stalin was set aside from other communist leaders by the killing of his own communist comrades, as Lenin would have never have that gone as far, Khrushchev denounced this shortly after Stalins death in his de-Stalinisation speech. Leggetts view is particularly convincing as Stalins brutalities can not be compared to anybody in Russian history. Moreover the sheer scale of Stalins terror particularly during the Purges of 1928 to 1934 and show trials used throughout his rule surpass Lenin and Khrushchev and his brutality demonstrates his Red Tsar nature. Stalins killing of Lenins i lite, his brutal secret police (NKVD) and the rise in fascism led to High Stalinism, where Stalin resorted to extraordinary measures28 to control his party and the population. Although some of these methods continued under Khrushchev, they were comparatively less horrific. Even though grain seizures were common to all communist leaders, it is important to recognise that all communist leaders were against the forced collectivisation experienced under Stalin, which led to widespread famine in Russia. Although it is unfair to say there was no famine was suffered under Lenin or Khurschev, especially as millions died during the Civil War. Around 20 million Russians died during Stalins rule, 1. 5 million executed, 2 million died in camps, and 7 million died in famine29. This sheer scale of death came from use of terror methods such as slave labour camps in which at least 30 million may have served in. These huge totals surpass any under both Lenin and Khrushchev, even despite Lenins harsh treatment of opposition. Lenin also lacked the understanding of political pluralism and a multi-party system30, which led to his banning of factions in 1921 and his latter use of purges. However Lenin did not have the same distrust of members of his own party as Stalin did, as Stalin executed 98/139 members of the Seventeenth Party Congress, whilst 1,100 out 1,96631 party delegates were arrested. Although there is much evidence of violence under the Tsars, such as the repression of opposition after the assassination of Alexander II, Stalin is not like a Red Tsar, as Stalins brutalities surpass and dwarf any under the Tsars. However the truly autocratic natures of the Tsars, particularly Alexander III allow some similarities between Stalin and the Tsars. For example both Stalin and Alexander III had a distrust of giving others power, thus they both made the function of local government very difficult32. Both also of increased censorship and government control over universities. Stalin also enforced totalitarianism in all areas of life such as education, youth movements, culture, media, information, armed forced, government and administration33. This lead to a period known as Socialist Realism, an artistic style depicting happy workers, which was reminiscent of old Russian exclusiveness 34experienced under the Tsars. This was a highly censored period, in which the image of Stalin and the party was carefully arranged to show the country and the leader in their best light. Although both Lenin and Stalin had elements of vanity, Stalins image appeared everywhere portraying him as a heroic saviour and towering leader. This idea of exclusiveness was rejected by Marxism and Leninism, meaning Stalins portrayal of himself through the censored media allows basis to claims of him being a Red Tsar. The original literary and artistic freedom allowed by the Provisional Government following the revolution, came to a bitter end under Stalin, but had a limited revival under Khrushchev. This censorship extended to education, as the whole system became dominated by industrialisation, meaning foreign influence was limited, whilst strict government attitude towards workers meant social benefits were cut and education fees increased35. Also history books were re-written to suit Stalins taste, meaning that Stalins people may have been better educated than under the Tsars, but they naively regarded Stalin as their knight in shining armour, holding like an icon in their homes, much like the old Tsars, allowing Stalin to appear a Red Tsar. Moreover Stalin waged war on the Kulaks; a class of wealthy peasants created by Lenin and Stolypin in a hope that at some point in the future social class would be eradicated. However Stalin sought to eliminate this class by waging class warfare and controlling discontent through purges of the population, the Kulaks were denounced and wiped out by Stalin. As anger in the provinces over wages, working conditions, long hours, forced collectivisation and the brutality of the NKVD, led to distress, Stalin crushed any unrest and able farmers, ruling strata and old intelligentsia were also removed. Although this distrust of the masses and strict government control was reminiscent of the Tsars, Stalin out-did their autocratic control and his forced industrialisation led to a decline in living standards, which then rose after his death. This shows his Red Tsar nature, as both the Tsars and Stalin maintained a poor standard of living throughout their ruling. Stalins central control of the economy during his reign was based on traditional Marxist principals, making him unlike a Red Tsar as the planning he enforced was unlike any of the Tsars. However economically during this 100 year period Russia made dramatic progress. The key economic comparison is between the rulers, is the Great Spurt under Sergi Witte during Alexander III reign, versus the Great Turn under Stalin. Stalins Great Turn brought many changes both economically, politically and culturally, and his forced industrialisation36 and focus on heavy industry was driven by the need to catch up with the rest of the world, particularly the West and America. This need was also a feature of Tsarist rule, in particular Alexander III who favoured modernisation and industrialisation to make Russia a world power37. However the core ideologies of the Tsars were different to Stalins, as his communist beliefs favoured rapid industrialisation which appealed to Marxists as it showed a commitment to modernisation. In particular for Lenin who employed the NEP, and Stalin and Khrushchev who supported a socialist planned economy38, as the idea of planned improvement was a key part of Marxist ideology, therefore commitment to modernisation was a theme across the whole period but for different motives. Stalins command economy makes him unlike a Red Tsar, as it was more state lead than the economy under the Tsars. Moreover Lenins refusal to pay any foreign debts, meant that Stalins economy had to survive without any foreign loans, expertise and investment, which during the Great Spurt allowed the Tsars to make tremendous economic progress39. The creation of the Soviet Union as a world power was both important to Stalin, and the Tsars such as Nicholas II, who believed economic modernisation would strengthen Russias position in the world. The deliberate modernisation40 experienced under these leaders was an attempt to reform Russias backward economy, although it still remained just as insufficient and wasteful41 under Stalins rule. Stalins centralised economy was concentrated on his 5 year plans, although economic planning was important in all soviet economies these plans were a landmark in soviet history42. However these plans were harsh on the peasants, and like many economic policies of the Tsars. Stalin and the Tsars exploited the peasants for their own economic gain, the seizure of grain and limited rights put the rulers at an economic advantage, while both Lenin and Khrushchev refrained from exploiting the peasants to the extent which Stalin did and Lenin in particular believed that peasants should not be forced into collective farms. Therefore in theory Stalins planning aligns him with both Lenin and Khrushchev, but his practices such as the recognition for the need of wage differentials and exploitation of the peasants show a betrayal of Marxism, although there is some exploitation of the peasants under during NEP, but not as extreme. As a result, in practice Stalin may have appeared economically a Red Tsar, but in theory and policy he is similar to the other communist leaders. To conclude, whilst on the surface many of Stalins similarities with the other communist leaders appear only to be ideological, it is important to note that Lenin laid the foundations for the development of Stalinism through his use of purges and class warfare. It must be clearly recognised that features such as economic planning, reliance on i lites and grain requisitioning were common to all three of the communist leaders in this period. However despite this, Stalins image as a Red Tsar is particularly apt with relation to due to his traditional beliefs, his creation of a cult of personality and harsh treatment of peasants. Although there was an atmosphere of fear within the population of Little People under both Stalin and the Tsars, it is unreasonable to compare the brutalities of Stalins regime to those committed by the Tsars. Therefore whilst Stalin has many elements to show how similar he was to the Tsars, Lenins state allowed for these to form, distancing Stalin from his title of Red Tsar. Hence concluding that autocracy was inevitable in Russia during this period due to the situation in Russia and that Stalinism was effectively a fusion of communism and Tsarism.

Faulkner, Absalom Absalom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Faulkner, Absalom Absalom - Essay Example Though this method allows the reader to see differing points of view, as well as examine the contribution of memory to the myth-making process as the story is told and retold, it raises the issue about how personal experience has a bending effect on memory and narrative. Speculation, guesswork, and alleged fact all play roles in the narrative process – with the accompanying contradictions in logic – leading us to wonder about a larger question – what is the actual truth, and whether truth can only be relative and selective, and never absolute. It also emphasizes how narrative is understood – often not by what is literally said, but by what is hinted at or implied, and often left unsaid. Faulkner does highlight the racial issues that plagued the South before and after the Civil War in this novel, and indeed race is a central theme in most of his work. However, it is disappointing to note that none of his works present an opportunity for black characters to speak in their own voices. The story is wholly from the white point of view, which is a one-sided approach to say the least. The downfall of the novel’s protagonist, Thomas Sutpen, can be traced back to his obsession with the founding of a dynasty. The single-minded pursuit of this goal precludes Sutpen from engaging emotionally with the people around him, be the family or townspeople, and this is the cause of his descent into alcoholism, ruin, and ultimately his murder by Wash Jones, a squatter on the Sutpen plantation. While Faulkner does not try to base his novel on research and factual data, such as dates and historical incidents, it is obvious his aim is to present an equally powerful history, â€Å"a few old mouth-to-mouth tales†, based on sentiment. (Faulkner 100). Thus what we see is an emotional history of the Civil War period contrasted with the factual history of the era. Faulkner’s epic novel mirrors the unsure feelings of love and hate, most Southerners, including